Vernal conjunctivitis, VKC, is a chronic, progressive and allergic ocular surface condition that may lead to vision loss if left untreated. Vernal conjunctivitis usually occurs in children and generally resolves by the time of puberty. 

Vernal conjunctivitis is most commonly found in areas with warm, humid and windy climates such as Japan, India, and central Africa. However, vernal conjunctivitis accounts for less than 1% of ocular diseases worldwide. 

Recognised as an age-specific disease, vernal conjunctivitis symptoms typically emerge during the first 10 years and either resolve or reduce in severity by the time of puberty.

In this blog, we will answer the most frequently asked question: Is vernal conjunctivitis contagious? We will also understand what vernal conjunctivitis is, its symptoms and causes, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What Is Vernal Conjunctivitis?

Vernal conjunctivitis is a severe form of অ্যালার্জিক কনজেক্টিভাইটিস, generally non-contagious, with seasonal appearances usually occurring during spring or warm weather. It is caused by hypersensitivity to airborne allergens. 

It is caused by inflammation of the conjunctiva, a thin, transparent layer that covers the surface of the eye, resulting from an allergic reaction. A large portion of these allergens is plant pollen that blooms in the spring (grass, banana, and olive trees), hence the name ‘Vernal’, meaning ‘Spring’.

Symptoms of Vernal Conjunctivitis

Vernal conjunctivitis symptoms include itching and redness, watery eyes and excessive tearing, sensitivity to light, mucus discharge, swelling of eyelids and formation of papillae on the inner eyelids. Let us look at them in detail:

Itching and Redness

Vernal conjunctivitis symptoms include itching and redness of the eyes and are seasonal, typically occurring in spring and summer. This is considered to be the most prominent symptom of vernal conjunctivitis.

Watery Eyes and Tearing

Vernal conjunctivitis often presents with watery eyes and excessive tearing, both of which are common symptoms. The eyes produce more fluid in response to allergens or irritation. This symptom often accompanies itching and can disrupt day-to-day activities such as reading or driving.

আলোর প্রতি সংবেদনশীলতা (ফটোফোবিয়া)

Many patients experience discomfort in bright light, known as photophobia. It may cause squinting and a tendency to avoid sunlight. Photophobia in vernal conjunctivitis results from the inflammation on the ocular surface being highly sensitive to environmental triggers.

Eye Discharge and Mucus

A thick, stringy, white or yellow discharge is frequently observed in patients suffering from vernal conjunctivitis. It typically accumulates in the corner of the eyes and can cause temporary blurring of vision.

Swelling of Eyelids and Conjunctiva

The eyelids and conjunctivae may become swollen and puffy. This swelling is the result of fluid buildup and inflammation, causing the eyes to feel heavy or uncomfortable, especially upon waking.

Formation of Papillae on the Inner Eyelids

One of the dominant features of vernal conjunctivitis is the presence of large, cobblestone-like papillae on the inner eyelids. These raised lesions result from chronic inflammation and are visible during a clinical eye examination.

Causes and Risks of Vernal Conjunctivitis

Vernal conjunctivitis is primarily a seasonal allergic eye disease triggered by environmental agents such as pollen, dust, and wind. It is typically seasonal and can be exacerbated during the spring and summer. Its precise cause is unknown, and it is assumed to be related to excessive immune response towards allergens.

Children and adolescents, mainly males between the ages of 5 and 20, are more commonly affected. The chances are high that a person with a family history of asthma, eczema, or hay fever will also develop these conditions. Residing in hot, arid, or dusty environments is an additional risk factor because these environments can worsen allergic reactions in the eyes.

How Is Vernal Conjunctivitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is typically based on clinical symptoms and a detailed patient history. An eye specialist examines the conjunctiva and eyelids for signs such as redness, papillae (cobblestone-like bumps), and discharge. Slit-lamp examination is commonly used for an accurate view of the inner eyelid surface.

In some cases, allergy testing or conjunctival scrapings may be done to rule out other causes and confirm allergic inflammation. Persistent or severe cases may require further evaluation to differentiate from other chronic eye diseases, such as atopic keratoconjunctivitis or infectious conjunctivitis.

Treatment Options for Vernal Conjunctivitis

চিকিৎসা চিকিৎসা

  • অ্যান্টিহিস্টামিন চোখের ড্রপ: Help control itching and reduce allergic response.
  • Mast Cell Stabilisers: Prevent the release of histamine and are used for long-term control.
  • স্টেরয়েড আই ড্রপ: Prescribed in severe cases to reduce inflammation, under close medical supervision due to possible side effects like increased eye pressure.
  • ইমিউনোমডুলেটর: For patients with persistent symptoms not controlled by conventional therapy.

Early intervention with the appropriate medication can reduce the need for stronger treatments and prevent complications like corneal damage.

Home Remedies and Lifestyle Changes

  • কোল্ড কম্প্রেস: Help relieve itching and naturally reduce inflammation.
  • Avoiding Allergens: Limit exposure to pollen, dust, and smoke, particularly during peak seasons.
  • Wearing Sunglasses: Shields eyes from wind and UV light, minimising irritation.
  • Good Eye Hygiene: Avoid rubbing your eyes and wash your hands frequently to prevent infection or worsening of symptoms.

উপসংহার

Vernal conjunctivitis, a type of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, is a chronic yet manageable eye condition that requires a proactive approach. Identifying and avoiding triggers, maintaining regular eye check-ups, and adhering to prescribed treatments can significantly reduce symptoms and prevent long-term complications.

If you or your child shows persistent signs of eye irritation, especially during seasonal changes, consult an ophthalmologist promptly. Early diagnosis and consistent management are crucial to maintaining eye comfort and preventing long-term vision issues.